06.05.2026

Jun. 5th, 2026 12:01 pm
wispywillow: (flowers surreal)
[personal profile] wispywillow


25TransformersIPolice Action (pt. 1)September 2011May 31, 2026
26TransformersIChaos (pt. 2): NumbersSeptember 2011May 31, 2026
10Punisher: War JournalSecond ShotNovember 1989June 01, 2026
57Teenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesLeatherhead (pt. 2)April 2016June 03, 2026
2Mighty MutanimalsSnake, Rattle & RollJune 1992June 04, 2026

New Worlds: Transhumance

Jun. 5th, 2026 08:03 am
swan_tower: (Default)
[personal profile] swan_tower
If your mental image of a shepherd is a person with a crook and a dozen sheep on a hillside above a farm, you need to scale up. And also, those sheep probably won't be on the hillside for very long.

Transhumance is, admittedly, one of those topics where my knowledge is noticeably regional. I'm familiar with cattle ranching in the American West and, more globally, sheepherding -- which I believe is similar to goats, both of them being caprines -- but much less so with camels, and basically not at all with yaks or llamas or reindeer. I don't even know if transhumance is a thing practiced with all those species! So take this with a grain of salt.

Having brought up the technical term: what is transhumance? (Not to be confused with transhumanism.) It is the practice of moving livestock between pastures, and in particular, the seasonal patterns thereof. On the extreme end, a herding society may be fully nomadic, packing up everyone and everything to move with the animals. On the nearer end, most people stay put, and only a small number of caretakers have to move around.

One way or another, though, the animals have to move. If you have a decent-sized pasture and just one cow you keep on hand for milking, she might be able to shift from spot to spot in the pasture, letting one area regrow while she grazes on another. As numbers increase, though, there's no single pasture big enough, and keeping the herd in the same place will rapidly ensure they have nothing to eat. How large a herd you can support in how large an area will vary based on local conditions -- good soil and regular rain will bring on faster, lusher growth than poor soil and aridity -- but also, shifting pasture isn't purely a matter of bare survival. Bringing your livestock to fresh grazing will improve the quality of their milk and, in the case of animals like sheep, the fineness of their wool. So the more a region is dedicated to animal husbandry rather than farming, the larger the herds will be and the more transhumance will shape the world around them.

So far, so dry and logistical. Let me take this out of the realm of theory and put it into a shape that might matter for a story: if you lived in Spain in, say, 1540, then twice a year you would watch two and a half million sheep go ambling down the roads.

Spain practiced seasonal transhumance, where livestock move between summer and winter pastures. Thanks to the geography of the peninsula, in summer the sheep lived in the cooler, wetter lands of Old Castile and León, and then in winter they were driven south to the fields and hills of Extremadura and Andalusia. This ensured they had fresh grass year-round, which contributed to the excellence of Spain's wool industry.

Wasn't that terribly disruptive to everybody in between those two regions? Hell yes, it was -- and for those at the ends of the route, too. Farmers weren't supposed to plow the pastureland or use it for crops, and as the political power of the Mesta (the association of livestock owners) grew, this led to them pushing for more territory, forcing farmers off their land. To prevent the sheep from trampling crops, there were dedicated rights-of-way for the sheep (called cañadas) that nobody was supposed to build on or cultivate, but of course farmers encroached on those boundaries. And since the sheep had to follow set routes and the people along them hated this disruption, anybody selling lodgings or food often set an extortionate price -- which in turn meant the wealthier members of the Mesta, each with thousands of sheep, eventually squeezed out the smaller livestock owners.

Seasonal transhumance on that gobsmacking scale is fairly rare, but smaller versions of it are extremely common. In mountainous areas, the transition is vertical rather than north to south: in the winter livestock will live down in the valleys, then be driven up to the slopes when the weather warms. In these cases a small number of shepherds (or cowherds or goatherds -- whatever terms is appropriate) go with them to herd the animals, and to protect them. Those herdsmen have to be tough, because they're frequently living alone or in very small numbers, in rough accommodations, and vulnerable to all kinds of threats. Outlaws and poachers, mountain lions and wolves, all may have an interest in snacking on an isolated flock.

Doing all of this benefits enormously from assistance. We probably could not have herded large livestock in any meaningful quantities without first domesticating dogs, who can sprint about to keep a herd clumped together or chivvy a straying beast back into the flock. Dogs also double as a warning system and assistant guard against the threats mentioned above. The addition of horses again makes it easier for a small number of humans to control and direct a large number of animals. Cattle ranching on the scale it's been practiced in the American West is essentially unthinkable without mounted cowboys, as the average herd driven from Texas to the Kansas railheads in the late nineteenth century was three thousand head.

What usually puts an end to this kind of thing is the growth of enclosure. That doesn't always mean literal fencing (though it can); it just means that land is cut off from common use, reserving it only to the landowner and whatever they choose to do with it. Often there are valid reasons for enclosure, as tighter control over a piece of land means you can do things like complex crop rotations for higher productivity without worrying that somebody's sheep will interfere . . . but it also generates a huge amount of resentment among those common people, sometimes to the point of outright rebellion.

And sometimes rebellion itself is the cause of transhumance decline. Wars make it hard to move livestock safely across large distances, and with the pattern broken, it may be difficult to get back. Or perhaps you've been raising sheep for fleeces, and something causes that market to crater, so it's no longer worth the expense of moving them back and forth. Conversely, something like an epidemic or an extended dry period can cause transhumance to surge, as there's no longer as much need for farmland or the soil is no longer as fertile for crops.

So this can be anything from a background detail in a political brangle, to a source of income for an innkeeper on a livestock migration route, to a major inconvenience for a character attempting to travel quickly down roads filled with sheep, to the reason why your lonely shepherd protagonist stumbles across an ancient evil awakening in the hills. (We've had plenty of innocent farmboys in the fantasy genre. It's time for the shepherds to shine!) Just remembering that humans are rarely the only ones living in an area can make a difference to the story!

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(originally posted at Swan Tower: https://www.swantower.com/2026/06/05/new-worlds-transhumance/)
[syndicated profile] theatlantic_health_feed

Posted by Nicholas Florko

Until recently, cocktails were a rarity at baseball stadiums. Beer was far easier to grab on the go, and getting rowdy fans liquored up was in no one’s best interest. Liquor was limited, sometimes exclusively to air-conditioned suites where cosmopolitans could be sipped far from the masses. And yet, on Memorial Day weekend, I found myself squeezed into the stands at Wrigley Field drinking a mai tai, next to a stranger drinking a margarita.

My seatmate and I were having Cutwaters, a line of canned cocktails from Anheuser-Busch. The stadium’s beer stand offered canned Long Island iced teas, canned palomas, even canned espresso martinis. Alcohol companies have been trying to make the idea of portable cocktails stick for more than a century, and they have finally succeeded. In 2025, Americans consumed nearly 11 billion servings of ready-to-drink cocktails, according to IWSR, a data firm that tracks trends in the alcohol industry. Depending on your state, you can now buy Cutwaters at CVS, Walmart, and Trader Joe’s. A four-pack, which contains about six to eight shots’ worth of liquor, will run you $12 or so.

The road to canned-cocktail ubiquity was paved by so-called malternatives: bubbly, fruity, portable drinks that are technically made from a component of beer but taste like nothing of the sort. Whereas early beer alternatives such as Coors Zima never really took off, products such as White Claw found mass appeal in the late 2010s and early 2020s, thanks in part to their low alcohol content; at 5 percent, they seemed like the perfect drink for an American populace that was facing down the reality that drinking is not good for your health. But the new breed of prepackaged cocktails represents a strange inversion. Cutwater, BuzzBallz, and BeatBox—three of the most popular brands—sell sweet, fruity flavors that clock in at 7 to 15 percent alcohol. (Cutwater also sells standard cocktail flavors, including Bloody Mary and “gin Collins.”) Even White Claw is getting in on the high-proof canned-drink market: In 2021, the brand launched Surge, an 8 percent version of its signature seltzer.

[Read: Why Millennials love canned cocktails]

U.S. beer sales still dwarf those of canned cocktails, as evidenced by the plastic pint glasses that littered the stands of Wrigley. But ready-to-drink cocktails have emerged as a rare bright spot for the alcohol industry, which has seen business slump in recent years. Year-over-year sales of premixed cocktails jumped by 40 percent in 2025, according to data from the market-research firm Circana, whereas beer sales were slightly down.

Since the repeal of Prohibition, states have taken care to make sure that liquor is harder to access than other libations because of its high alcohol content. Many states allow hard drinks—including mixed ones—to be sold only at designated liquor stores. States have also historically taxed liquor at a higher rate than beer and wine to discourage consumption.

But the spirits industry has been pushing for change so that it can sell more cans. First, malternatives got around liquor laws because they contained similar ingredients to beer’s. Now the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, which lobbies for liquor companies, is arguing that canned cocktails should be sold anywhere beer is because they can have approximately the same alcohol content as beer (in some cases, a very, very strong beer). In a statement, the council told me that more than half of the ready-to-drink cocktails sold are less than 5 percent alcohol. But the higher-proof options are still selling remarkably well. Anheuser-Busch recently announced that Cutwater, which doesn’t make a single drink below 7 percent, is by far the most popular spirit-based canned-cocktail brand.   

[From the July/August 2021 issue: America has a drinking problem]

In the past five years, four states have changed their laws to allow the sale of canned cocktails anywhere beer or wine is sold. (Although states set a cap for how much alcohol can be in a grocery-store canned cocktail, that limit typically allows many high-ABV products to be sold.) Taxes on canned cocktails have also been slashed in multiple states. Meanwhile, BuzzBallz makes both liquor and wine versions of its neon-colored, orb-shaped drinks so that they can be sold in the most settings possible. Jess Scheerhorn, the president of BuzzBallz, told me in an email that this is a “widely adopted practice” across the alcohol industry. She also emphasized that the company supports moderation for drinkers.

The United States’ newfound thirst for higher-alcohol drinks is somewhat perplexing: After all, the percentage of Americans who say they do not drink is at an all-time high. Still, most Americans do drink, and as the cost of all sorts of consumer goods goes up, many people are reaching for cheaper versions of their favorite beverages. Canned cocktails fit that bill. Plus, a bright-blue, berry-cherry-limeade-flavored BuzzBall adds a layer of goofiness to heavy drinking that, say, a handle of Fireball lacks. It also looks cuter on Instagram.

Some drinkers might not realize how much booze they’re really consuming. People regularly post online about how they threw back two or three Cutwaters and were surprised to find themselves hammered, as if they’d been wholly unaware that they had, in fact, been binge drinking. (Under the official definition, two Piña Colada Cutwaters in two hours lands squarely in binge-drinking territory.) Some videos are recorded from hospital beds. In one TikTok with nearly 400,000 likes, a woman suggests that Cutwater gets its customers so destroyed because its products are secretly cut with fentanyl. (They are not.) A spokesperson for Anheuser-Busch told me in an email that the company “has a longstanding commitment to responsible drinking, and we market our products responsibly.” (White Claw’s parent company did not respond to a request for comment.)

[Read: Not just sober-curious, but neo-temperate]

To be fair, the amount of liquor in these drinks is not a secret. Most alcoholic beverages list their strength on the package, and Cutwater cans additionally advertise the number of shots of liquor in each can. But Cutwaters have become so notorious for causing accidental blackouts that drinking an entire four-pack has become its own social-media challenge. The White Claw generation, used to pounding cans of seltzers at backyard barbecues and feeling nothing more than a light buzz, doesn’t yet seem to understand how to responsibly partake in these new products. People may see having one can of cocktail versus multiple boozy seltzers as moderating their drinking, Marten Lodewijks, the president of IWSR, told me. (They may also think they’re making a healthier choice by taking in fewer calories.) “Consumers often use packaging as a shortcut for what counts as a single serving or socially acceptable amount,” Logan Pant, a marketing professor who has studied consumers’ perception of alcohol, told me in an email.

The problem, in short, might be the can. I knew how much liquor was in my mai tai, but as the Cubs game slowed down around the fifth inning, I decided to have another. Even though I knew that this wasn’t the best choice for a Saturday afternoon, I took some solace in the fact that I had only two empties at my feet.

Bees and Silver Slides

Jun. 3rd, 2026 11:41 am
yourlibrarian: Every Kind of Craft on green (Every Kind of Craft Green - yourlibraria)
[personal profile] yourlibrarian posting in [community profile] everykindofcraft


Had this set of bold shiny slides, and one leftover bead ring, so put those together with some champagne colored glass for a (hopefully) elegant look.

Read more... )

I'm baaaaack

Jun. 1st, 2026 03:05 pm
wispywillow: (city night campion)
[personal profile] wispywillow
I've done something I should have done a long time ago—took a step away from Facebook. I wanted to delete it, but I use it to keep track of when events are happening, so I did the next best thing of just deleting the app from my phone. For the past couple of weeks, I check in on it maybe once or twice per week. It's been pretty nice. I still use Messenger a lot, but hey—one step at a time, right?

Because of that, I want to be more active on Dreamwidth again. Sure, it might mostly be comic book stuff, but I need an online space that's mine, ya know?

I'm also going to return to just posting images that I find aesthetically pleasing. I spent a few years only doing my own photos, but daily photos have gone from a project to a chore. That was my cue that I was getting burnt out on it. Whenever possible, I'll attribute the artists. I'll avoid Ai when possible as well.

✦•······················•✦•······················•✦



Ovidiu Selaru

A Sea Beyond prequel novelette!

Jun. 1st, 2026 12:02 pm
swan_tower: (The Sea Beyond)
[personal profile] swan_tower
June is going to be a busy month for me and publications -- as in, I think I'm going to have SIX THINGS COMING OUT. (Followed by two more in July.) Two are out today, though one, the flash story "I Cut Off a Monster's Arm. AITA?" in Lightspeed, is currently only available to subscribers; it will become free to read online on the 18th.

So the big news for today is "Non Plus Ultra," a prequel novelette I wrote for the upcoming M.A. Carrick Sea Beyond duology! It's free to read in Adventitious, and it tells the tale of how a sailor discovered the secret of passage to the Sea Beyond. I had a blast throwing all kinds of maritime weirdness into this one, along with the historical details that are the particular delight of writing this subgenre. Check it out!

Documentary

Jun. 1st, 2026 10:03 am
fabrisse: (Default)
[personal profile] fabrisse
In this post: https://fabrisse.dreamwidth.org/437099.html , I wrote about a documentary called Natchez. It's worth seeing, especially for my northern friends who don't understand the south that I grew up in.

Anyway, it was recommended to me on YouTube, so I'm sharing the link here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHAauml9rV4&t=82s

06.01.2026

Jun. 1st, 2026 10:04 am
wispywillow: (flowers surreal)
[personal profile] wispywillow


3TF: Hearts of SteelAugust 2006May 26, 2026SBP 06
4TF: Hearts of SteelSeptember 2006May 29, 2026SBP 06
7Daredevil Annual1Crippling DeathMay 1991May 14, 2026
8Daredevil Annual1The System BytesJuly 1992May 30, 2026
32TMNT AdventuresThe Good, the Bad, and the TattooedMay 1992May 27, 2026
7Tales of the TMNTThe Return of Savanti Romero!April 1989May 27, 2026
22Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles1The Time Traveler ReturnsJune 1989May 28, 2026
23Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles1Totally Hacked!July 1989May 28, 2026
56Teenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesLeatherhead (pt. 1)March 2016May 30, 2026
24TransformersIChaos (pt. 1): LamentationsAugust 2011May 29, 2026

Good Visit

May. 31st, 2026 04:17 pm
fabrisse: (Default)
[personal profile] fabrisse
[personal profile] neotoma came for a visit. She's good at growing things, and she helped me get started with some basic gardening. I have enough dirt for my raised bed, for instance. I also understand that putting things in the ground will not often be an option as the soil is crappy (I believe that's the technical term.). Essentially, it's sand and ash. So, for the fruit trees we got fruit spikes to keep them from starving. For some vanilla plants that I want to put in the front we got orchid food, and I've been told how to used the soil that we got to give them a better start.

It's been mostly wet and humid, so we got less done than we'd hoped predominantly because I kept turning tomato red in the heat. I had to lie down with and ice pack more than once. We did get lavender planted by the back door to help keep mosquitos away. She brought me a couple of green cotton plants and a cucumber and those were also planted.

We spent the night on Jekyll Island one evening. We toured a millionaire's cottage and went to the Sea Turtle Rescue Center. Dinner was down on the dock, but we ate too early to watch the sunset. We saw one bird -- tiny, v-shaped tail feathers in flight, skimming near the reeds and brackish waters -- that we can't identify because it was so fast. It wasn't hummingbird fast, but that thing could dart. It might be a tiny swallow or a swift or a kite. They were very cool little birds.

[personal profile] neotoma was also terrific with the dogs. We managed to walk them most days; one day was too rainy for a walk. But it still didn't prevent them both from peeing all over the living room and entryway. I wish I knew why they hated rain so much. The breed is Welsh, for heaven's sake. Most dogs we've had would run out, do what they needed to, and run back, but these two are not so cooperative.

I hope the time was restful for [personal profile] neotoma. I know I enjoyed having her here.
firecat: red panda, winking (Default)
[personal profile] firecat
I just found out the local library (RWC) is sponsoring a talk entitled “The transgender assault on Women and Girls”. The description of the talk says it’s about allowing trans women in women’s sports, but the title and the descriptions of the speakers sure as heck makes it look like it’s about more than that. In other ways this library has been very welcoming to LGBTQ+.

I want to respond but I’m having trouble figuring out how. I don’t mind being out to the city government or library but I don’t want to wade through a lot of vitriol if I post publicly. Do you have any thoughts?

Options:
Write an email to the local newspaper where the announcement was posted
Write an email to someone at the library, but who?
Write an email to the county Pride center
Write an email to the city council
Post on NextDoor
Post on Facebook (the local library has a page) and Bluesky

Sinister Syndicate of Space

May. 30th, 2026 12:00 pm
marycatelli: (Golden Hair)
[personal profile] marycatelli posting in [community profile] books
Sinister Syndicate of Space by John C. Wright

Book 8 of Starquest.

Plots thicken -- and converge. Spoilers ahead for the earlier works.

Read more... )

I finished ANOTHER thing!

May. 30th, 2026 09:49 am
dianec42: Cross stitch face (DecoLady)
[personal profile] dianec42
I finally finished Upon A Star, by PigeonCoop Designs, from the book Cross Stitch In The Forest. It took me a little over a year; I work on many projects at once, so this is pretty fast for me. The confetti stitches were SUCH a pain! I used a sharp embroidery needle so I could weave the tails through the weave of the Aida fabric.

Finished cross stitch of wolf, trees, moon, and stars
keystonepublishing: vibrant version of my logo (Default)
[personal profile] keystonepublishing posting in [community profile] everykindofcraft

20260503_224057

I've gotten back to journal writing for the past several months and it's been a calming experience to do in the evenings. However, much of the notebooks for sale in the local hypermarket aren't made for handling fountain pen inks. Much of the better-made notebooks are imported and can cost into the triple-digits, and I don't want to be burdened with another hobby that has a high expense rate.

But I do know of a compromise: work notebooks. The company I worked issues new notebooks to all staff every year, and they're pretty durable. I have several already that are unused, and several more that are partially used.

So what if I carve up the partly-used notebooks so that only the unused pages are left, stick them together, and put them back with a cover?

So I did that!

more in the cut... )

outstanding customer service

May. 29th, 2026 04:19 pm
cellio: (Default)
[personal profile] cellio

A couple months ago, one of the other players in the D&D campaign we play in ordered a custom 3D-printed miniature for his character. The campaign has been going for a while and is a lot of fun (and not super-lethal), and this seemed like a cool idea. So I designed and ordered a mini for my character too.

Hero Forge has tools that support a huge range of character races, equipment, poses, and lots more. My character is a monk and one of their standard poses has a kick, so I started with that. I was tickled to discover that, among the many hand-held objects in their catalogue, they have a staff with a flower on one end -- perfect for my sylvan character who does in fact have a Staff of Flowers. She uses a mix of the staff and unarmed strikes in combat, so I put the staff in one hand so the other hand can punch. I ended up with this:

picture of mini, front view, staff in left hand

The mini came a few weeks ago and looked great. Alas, at the first game, the top of that staff broke off. Another player attempted a repair, which turned out to be hard.

I wrote to Hero Forge. I said I was new to 3D printing and described what happened. I said I wasn't asking for a remake; the figure had arrived intact and this was obviously my design error. My question was: for the future, do they have or would they consider adding tools that help with evaluating a design for weak spots? Had I realized how risky the staff was, I might have omitted it. (One of the players looked at the break and said something like "yeah, given how they had to have printed this, that doesn't surprise me" -- but I've never done anything with 3D printing before so I didn't have those instincts.)

They wrote back and said this was not the experience they wanted their customers to have, they would remake the figure for me, and before they do, would I like to adjust anything? This blew me away -- I wouldn't have been too surprised if they'd offered a remake at a reduced price or charged me shipping or something, but nope -- they offered me a complete do-over at no charge. I adjusted the position of the staff to give it anchor points at both ends:

top of staff with flower now touches head

The lower petal and both curves of the staff now touch the hair, and the bottom is still anchored at the base of the figure. I had to do a lot of experimenting with shoulder, elbow, and wrist angles and bends to get there, but it worked.

(In case you're wondering: I changed the flower color so that, at scale, it would look less like part of the clothing now that it was close to "hat" position.)

The replacement came today and it looks great! I will happily order from them the next time I need a custom mini.

Gap Week: May 29, 2026

May. 29th, 2026 04:27 pm
[syndicated profile] acoup_feed

Posted by Bret Devereaux

Hey folks! I had a few other projects that I really needed to get finished this week, which left me with limited time to put a blog post together. My plan for next week is something for the worldbuilders out there, a sort of ‘guide’ to different kinds of army structures, drawing on a number of the series we’ve done looking at different ways armies could be raised.

That said, I don’t want to leave you with nothing to read on a Friday so here are some suggested things:

From Kiran Pfitzner (‘Dead Carl’), an older essay of his I found interesting, “The Kaiser and a ‘Mediocre Man’ Theory of History: A Case Study in the Historical Importance of Incompetence.” We’ve never done a full take-down of Thomas Carlyle style ‘great man’ history here (we should, at some point), but one of the real objections to it is that not only is history often shaped by impersonal forces (so not singular leaders at all), but often history is shaped not by ‘great men’ but by greatly incompetent men in positions of leader (a possibly which Carlyle’s ‘heroic’ great man theory does not really permit).

He also had a wonderful more recent essay, “Rights and Righteousness: From ‘The War People’ to ‘A People at War,’” which builds off of a discussion of The War People (recommended here back in February!) to think more broadly about how armies are shaped by conditions of service and how and why those conditions evolved from the 17th century into the 20th. Perhaps most on point is the reminder he offers that just because the resources for war expanded from the 18th century to 1945 does not mean they will so expand forever.

I also really liked James’ meditation on the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides and how it should be understood today, “American Melos.” The Melian Dialogue is one of those very famous passages in Thucydides that is often taught in isolation – often in political science contexts – where the removal of the context Thucydides assumes his reader knows (because they had all lived through it) really warps and undermines the passage. I think we probably ought to do a second ‘Trip Through’ Thucydides focused on the Dialogue at some point; maybe soon.

So we’ll be back next week with something more substantive!

swan_tower: (Default)
[personal profile] swan_tower
Even if you work very, very hard with your worldbuilding, you may not be able to get readers to interpret it the way you want them to.

I've titled this essay "the past is a foreign country" because that's a recognizable phrase (though few people know it's from a book by the English novelist L. P. Hartley), and of course our worldbuilding often draws inspiration from the past -- at least until we gain the ability to peer into the future. But I'm referring more broadly to the worlds we make, and the difficulty of translating fictional cultural differences effectively to your audience.

We touched on this a couple of months ago with the discussion of friendship, and how same-sex bonds could be expressed in astonishingly passionate terms compared to our models of friendship today. If you write that into a story now, you can insist all you like that it doesn't imply anything more; some readers, maybe even most of them, are likely to find romantic and sexual overtones in it anyway. Those characters never sleep together? Maybe they're asexual. They sleep with opposite-sex partners? Maybe they're closeted or bi, and just not acting on those particular impulses. Especially since representations of queer desire have still not caught up with the straight kind, people open to those interpretations may have a hard time accepting that those two characters really are "just friends."

The same can go for gendered behavior in general. I can say all I want -- in keeping with cultural standards elsewhere and elsewhen -- that crying is a perfectly masculine behavior, an expression of the powerful emotions felt by a properly manly heart. My modern Western readers will still have a hard time shaking the modern Western assumption that men should not shed more than perhaps a single stoic tear. If my heroic male character breaks out sobbing for anything other than the climactic death of a beloved character (and maybe even then), it's going to carry a whiff of weakness, regardless of what standards prevail within the setting.

I've also talked about this in the context of beauty. We're constantly bombarded with images and videos showing us the current ideal and marketing the notion that anything else is unattractive. Some forms of this, I suspect, are more amenable than others to worldbuilding in a different direction: if my story sings the praises of dark skin and beautiful clouds of hair, it's clear that I'm pushing back against the white default (and I like to think my readers would be on board). It's going to be a lot harder to make them understand why it's appealing for people to black out their teeth, so their mouths look like empty holes. Even with all my anthropological training mustered to help me understand it, I look at photos of people with blackened teeth and see something that evokes a horror movie, not beauty.

Humor is notoriously difficult to translate from one culture to another. Now imagine making it up! This can be an effective way to signal cultural difference; if the alien ambassador laughs uproariously at seeing someone use a fork or tells a joke about that hilarious time his friend used the wrong meter in his poem, the reader receives that as evidence of very different behaviors and expectations. Much more difficult is establishing a variant framework of humor for your protagonist, where they find things funny that the reader does not share but is invited to empathize with. The best you can likely hope for is, through persistent effort, to establish what that framework is. Then, by the end of the story, the reader may recognize that what just happened will be considered funny -- but that's not the same thing as the reader laughing.

Or maybe what you're going for is the opposite of funny, and your challenge is not so much making it register as making it feel real. If you read history -- or, alas, if you encounter certain problems in the world today -- you'll eventually hit instances of bigotry that seem howlingly cartoonish. Whether they have to do with race, gender, class, religion, or any other point of difference, you can find instances of people saying things and committing acts that come across as absolutely and incomprehensibly inhuman.

You can put these in a story, of course. But I know authors who have written their own real-life experiences into their fiction . . . then have looked at the result, shaken their heads, and taken them out again. Because even when it's reproduced directly from reality, the actual effect feels not real; it doesn't produce the emotional result the author was going for. It winds up being distancing.

I particularly think about this in the context of writing war. Military campaigns of the past often included atrocities that, while they may be smaller than the Holocaust on a raw scale, were so pervasive and appalling that to put them on the page would seem like absurd, mustache-twirling villainy. Vlad the Impaler is said not merely to have impaled people, but to have gathered up three hundred Saxon boys and executed them either by that method or by burning, entirely because the leaders of the towns of their homeland were supporting his opponent in a civil war. And that's just one example! The routine cruelty of such rulers is so over-the-top -- and trust me, ol' Vlad was hardly the only one or even the worst -- that reading too much of it winds up numbing rather than horrifying.

What all of this means in practice is that sometimes the most important question is not "is this realistic?" but "is this effective for my story?" Is your reader likely to get the intended emotional effect from it, or are you better served by changing tactics and taking a different route to your point? Sometimes the answer will be that you want to stand your ground; you want to put that detail on the page, whether it's inspired by a historical factoid or your own personal experience, even if it means the reader may not receive it as you intended. That's a valid choice! At other times, you may decide that you prefer an alternative approach. You choose one instance of wartime horror to focus on in detail, rather than subjecting the reader to the full litany of atrocities. You pick at the edges of our current beauty standards or assumptions about masculinity, chipping away at cracks in that edifice rather than running at it headfirst.

. . . but maybe don't try to invent an alternate framework of humor the reader is supposed to find funny. I know we're writing speculative fiction, but some mountains might just be too steep to climb!

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(originally posted at Swan Tower: https://www.swantower.com/2026/05/29/new-worlds-theory-post-the-past-is-a-foreign-country/)

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